Abington Burying Ground, Pomfret CT

Abington Burying Ground / Benson Cemetery

Pomfret Connecticut has two Colonial burying grounds, Sabin / Old Pomfret Burying Ground and the Abington Burying Ground.   Though a few other cemeteries have a smattering of late 1700s stones, they make up the vast minority of the stones in the yards.  

Abington Burying Ground was founded in 1752, several decades after the Sabin Cemetery.  I visited somewhat briefly in September 2020 and need to revisit sometime in the future.

The dominant carver here is Richard Kimball, a Pomfret native.  Kimball lived from 1722 to 1810 and carved from the 1750's until the turn of the century and moved to Ames NY where he lived the rest of his life.   His designs while consisting of the usual Soul effigy has no obvious direct influences from other carvers. He carved from a local schist deposit and his work often contained iron oxide which would give it a brown coloration after a long period.   He was a successful carver in the region with much of his work visible in Pomfret, Woodstock, and Brooklyn though spread out in towns like Hampton, and as far south as Norwich.  Over 40 stones can be found in this cemetery.

Stone carved by Richard Kimball dated 1773, a good example of the iron oxide rust
gained over centuries.  The bright orange yellow dotting is a lichen or fungus.

Stone carved by Richard dated 1783.  Kimball would sometimes carve 
more elaborate stones in a square shape, a shape that would become very
popular in the decades entering the marble era.  This stone marks the
grave of a married couple.

Another pair of Richard Kimball stones dated in the 1780s.  Sometimes on smaller stones, Kimball would leave the designs blank, though in this case he used a spiral rosette design.  

Another square designed stone carved by Richard.  Notice the Spiral Rosette 

designs on the corners.

Richard had a son in 1750 named Lebbeus who learned the trade of grave carving from his father and was carving stones by the mid 1770's.  His early work is closer to his fathers work, though during the mid 1780s he moved to Lebanon Connecticut and his work gradually took some aspects of the Manning style and mixed it in with his usual work.  His work is common in Pomfret as well as Hampton and Union, with other stones mixed in other towns like Chaplin, Lebanon, Eastford and others.

Stone for two young brothers carved by Lebbeus Kimball dated 1774.






Two Lebbeus stones dated 1786 and 1791. The wing designs have changed to the Manning style by this time though much of his design remains consistent with his older work.





Another stone by Lebbeus Kimball dated 1788, manning type wings present.



Now for some other carvers and stones here,

This stone dated 1770 is the work of Elijah Sikes, a carver who carved many stones viewable in the northeastern part of the state, as well as in much in southern Worcester County Massachussets.

Another stone carved by Sikes dated 1791.  Like Kimball, Sikes designs seemed to be quite organic with no direct influences attributable.  He would often use leaves and vines as chief designs even sometimes replacing the soul effigy.

This elaborate schist stone dated 1782 was carved by Josiah Manning of Windham.
Manning is well represented here with 12 stones present.






This handsome slate was carved by George Allen of the Narragansett region of
Rhode Island.  His stones are very uncommon in CT, though a small few are mixed
in between Woodstock, Killingly, Pomfret and Woodstock as well as some in 
coastal towns.




A slate stone dated 1795 carved by George Allen of Rhode Island.  Four slates carved by Allen
are viewable in the Abington Burying Ground.

           

Two more stones by Josiah Manning dated 1769 and 1773.

Three stones, the left slate dated 1804 was carved by Beza Soule, a Brooklyn carver who carved from slate sourced from Rhode Island.  Soule is well represented with over 13 stones here, most being soul effigies that I sadly neglected to photograph.  The middle schist stone dated 1804 is the work of infamous Manning clone, Aaron Hasking who has 7 examples of his work in the yard.  The one on the right is an example of an Urn and Willow schist stone, dated 1807.

A single Connecticut River Valley sandstone is present here, unknown date as
the stone is well into decay.

 

I mentioned in my other post about Boston Slates in CT, that this yard had a single Boston slate featuring a skull design dated 1762.  Oddly the other burying ground (Sabin Burying Ground) had well over 70 different skull slates mixed in the yard.

           Notable Urn and Willow type stones.

Rhode Island Slate grave dated 1805, featuring an urn design.  Often on Rhode
Island slates in this period, borders began consisting of pillars and geometrical
shapes instead of flowing scrolls or vine borders.

Two Urn and Willow stones, the left out of a dark slate dated 1822, the right dated 1804.  The dark slate intrigues me as I have seen almost identical stones in other yards in very small numbers, notably Scotland, Windham and Westford among others.  

A marble grave marker dated 1802, the stone shape makes me believe this is the work of
a Rhode Island carver.






This yard not only features many interesting old stones from a fair number of carvers, but a beautiful landscape, rolling hills near the back of the yard, cows grazing on the farmland.

The cemetery itself is on a hill, and makes for a beautiful environment.  The soil shifting over the years has made the stones often angled in peculiar ways.

Another angle of the hill.

Honestly a beautiful site even aside from the history and unique stones.

Hope you all enjoyed!

Boston region tombstones and their role in Colonial Eastern Connecticut Part One.

Stone carved by the "Old Master" dated 1680, Kings Chapel
Burying Ground Boston Mass.

Oftentimes the pinnacle of the Colonial American Tombstone stems from the slate markers produced in Boston during the 17th and 18th centuries.  Most anyone who has studied American history from this period especially the Revolutionary War is familiar with the looming Winged Skulls and Winged Cherubim designs present in the major Boston Cemeteries (Kings Chapel Burying Ground, Granary, Cobbs Hill etc), even if one has never divulged into cemetery or grave-making studies as whole.  Indeed long before I became interested in carvers, materials and the influences of different symbols I was enamored by the cemeteries I visited on a school trip to Boston in 5th grade and the often grim but elaborate symbolism.  I quickly learned a few basic design principles such as the shift to neoclassical urn and willow designs from the Skull and soul effigies during the early 1800's and learned of brownstone once I had returned home.  My learning never stemmed beyond basic design tropes though I would often go out of my way to visit the burying grounds in my area.  As I returned to my interest in Cemeteries and tombstones, I remember visiting a cemetery in Woodstock when I was much younger and remember being confused as to seeing skull slates, which were rare in most yards in the region.  After revisiting last year I saw over 30 skull slates and numerous other Boston region stones.

Stone dated 1704 carved by William Mumford.  Note the
 family Coat of Arms, sometimes present on tombstones
especially for first generation English immigrants during this
period.

During the colonial period, Boston was a mecca for grave-carving.  As Boston's population grew rapidly during the mid 1600s, a full time grave carver was needed for the rapidly expanding (and dying) populous.  The first full time carver in the region is unknown and is often referred to as the "Old Master" "The Charlestown Stonecutter" and "The Old Stone Carver" among other names.  Though his identity is unknown, he was confirmed to have carved from the mid 1650s until the turn of the century and taught then apprentice Joseph Lamson who would also become a prominent carver, and start a family carving business that would last 5 generations.  

Very ornate gravestone carved by the "Old Master" dated 1678, note the imagery of death attempting to snuff out the candle of life as father time attempts to stop him.  The Latin phrase by the hourglass translates to "remember that you will die".  Kings Chapel Burying Ground, Boston Mass.

By the turn of the century, carvers like Joseph Lamson, William Mumford, James Foster Sr. and of course the "Old Master" were established in not only the entire Middlesex county region, but were exporting stones all over the state and to many cemeteries in Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maine, and other north Atlantic states.  As more and more demand increased, more Bostonians entered the grave carving business, apprenticing with experienced carvers, and opening new shops.  By the 1720's stones from Boston were being exported in large numbers as far south as Charleston South Carolina and as far north as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.  Boston slate was prized for its durability and beauty, so sometimes carvers in other regions would purchase raw material for their own stonecutting.  Boston carved tombstones were usually very elaborate and featured ornate designs and borders, as well as different shades of slate for all tastes.  

Boston Skull slate dated 1751 in the Woodstock
Hill Burying ground.

As is expected, the majority of Boston slates in Connecticut are found in coastal regions, reasoning being these stones would be imported by ship and the cost would increase sufficiently considering a 30 mile trip from the New London port to Windham on a horse drawn wagon would take around 9 hours in those days. However a large concentration of Boston carved stones were placed in Woodstock and Pomfret. A small number of Boston slates are scattered around some other burying grounds in eastern CT, but the vast majority are either in coastal towns or the extreme northeastern region.  

Both Woodstock and Pomfret Connecticut had a large number of founders from eastern Mass, particularly the Roxbury region and due to this cultural background, many stones from the Boston were imported here.  During the colonial period Pomfret was considered a high class town by many and often the Wealthy and Famous of Boston and elsewhere would attend balls and other social events held in the area.  

The Sabin Burying ground (also known as South Cemetery or Old Pomfret Burying Ground) has a large number of Boston slates.  Though regional carvers including the Kimballs, Elijah Sikes, and David Lamb are still well represented here, over 80 imported Boston slates (not including urn and willow style) can be seen here, most being skull designs. The imported slates range in dates from the 1730s until the 1840s, well after the soul/skull effigy's were replaced by urn designs.   

Stone carved by James II Foster of Dorchester Mass, dated 1744.  Foster II often used borders that resembled unfurled scrolls, and the wings had a slight curve underneath with a sharpe downward overall curve.

Stone carved by either James Foster II or his son James Foster III 

of Dorchester Mass dated 1778.  Foster III only carved Soul Effigies while 

his father carved both designs.

Stone dated 1767, Likely carved by John Dwight of Boston.

Very elaborate winged cherub slate dated 1773. By the mid 1700's so many grave carvers had emerged in Boston, and with many designs being swapped around it is often near impossible to identify many carvers.

Boston Skull slate dated 1757. 


 

Double Cherub stone, dated 1771.  Double headed soul effigies were usually reserved for

two deceased usually siblings or a married couple in cases where the two died at a close date to each other perhaps due to sickness or an accident.  This stone is an uncommon example of this phenomenon on a stone for a single person.  

Another fine Boston skull slate dated 1770.

Interestingly enough, in the nearby Old Abington Burying Ground (est. 1752) there are very few Boston slates, the few present are of the more modern Urn and Willow design with the exception of the skull slate of Lois Paine.  A few other colonial period slates from Rhode Island are also in the yard.  It seems this yard was more commonly used by the less wealthy agricultural workers of the region.

The Stone of Mrs. Lois Paine dated 1767.

Woodstock also had a deep connection to Eastern Massachusetts, as it was founded by 13 people from Roxbury mass in 1682.  The settlement was originally named "New Roxbury" and was actually a part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony until borders changed in 1749, where it became part of the Connecticut River Colony.  Though all the Colonial Cemeteries in Woodstock have a significant number of Boston tombstones, I have only visited the Woodstock Hill Burying Ground and can only show those photos.

Two examples of stones carved by Daniel Hastings of Newton Mass, left to right, dated 1797 and 1792.

A skull slate dated 1745 carved by James Foster II.

Elaborate slate carved by either James Foster II or III, dated 1752.  The clock was a very uncommon symbol on tombstones and represented the "time running out" of the deceased, more commonly represented by an hourglass.  On the sides of the clock are a pair of digging tools, and crossed bones, also symbols of mortality.

Sunken Skull slate dated 1744

Another stone carved by Daniel Hastings dated 1787.

Winged Soul Stone dated 1743, carved by James Foster II.

Skull slate carved by James Foster II dated 1753.

Another dark slate by Daniel Hastings, dated 1779.

Skull slate carved by James Foster II dated 1747.

There were plenty of fine Urn & Willow slates from the Boston region in the yard with examples as recent as the 1840s, as well as a fair amount of Rhode Island slates including some from the John Stevens Shop of Newport and George Allen. 

Hope you all enjoyed!

Olde Mansfield Center Cemetery October 2020.

 

The Olde Mansfield Center Cemetery was incorporated in 1693, though the oldest surviving stone dates to 1721.  This yard is one of the nicest maintained ones in the area, with a good sampling of many of the prominent schist carvers in the region and a few other surprises.  

Obadiah Wheeler of Lebanon CT began carving tombstones in about 1718, some stones he carved bear earlier dates, but are certainly backdated due to him only arriving in Lebanon in 1718.  His stones were once thought to have been the work of  Benjamin Collins though besides the obvious style differences old probate records examined in the 1970s provided his real name and identity.  He was heavily influenced by carver John Hartshorne, especially in his early work though his designs gradually became more detailed and unique.  He carved until 1749, when he died.  He is often considered one of the greatest Grave carvers in Colonial Connecticut, and influenced many other prominent carvers including Benjamin Collins and Jonathan Loomis.  His work is well represented in the Olde Mansfield Center Cemetery.

The stone of Martha Storrs dated 1728, a fine example of

Obadiah Wheeler's early work.  Notice the misspellings

 At this time, english was often considered fluid, and the 

spelling of December as "Dsembe" was more likely to 

have been used so it would fit on the stone.

The stone of Reverend Eldezer Williams, dated 1742 is another example of Wheeler's fine

craftsmanship.  He developed several variants of tombstones by the 1730s, all very detailed

with different symbols and borders.

Another variant of Wheelers work dated 1736.  Wheeler often

used hexfoil rosettes on his stone borders, a symbol of mortality

that has been used on tombstones for over two thousand years.

More Wheeler stones in a bit, 

Josiah Manning is well represented here, with 79 stones present, by far the most common carver in the yard.

An example of Josiah Mannings early style.

His early work consisted of batlike wings, and clovers,

clearly influenced by Gershom Bartlett as seen

by the borders, and rosettes.

The Coffin stone on the left, dated 1768 is one of the few non

winged soul designs Manning carved.  The stone on the right dated

1765, is probably backdated, likely placed at the same time

as the Coffin stone.

Another "bat wing" style Manning stone dated 1770.

the diamond shape is also only present on a rare

few early Manning stones.

An elaborate Manning stone dated 1778,

note the scaled wings, sometimes used

on more elaborate stones, and the crisp

border binding.

More Manning stones in a bit, but first a big surprise.

Elijah Sikes was a carver in the later 1700s who's stones are common in much of Northeastern CT especially in Pomfret, Brooklyn, Thompson, and others as well as in some parts of southern Mass east of the CT river.  While an occasional stone was placed as far south as Lebanon or Griswold, they are very rare south Brooklyn with the exception of Plainfield.  A single Sikes stone is in the Olde Center Cemetery,

and even more interesting is it being an expensive Marble stone, while Sikes usually carved on unique stone material with a high amount of iron oxide.

The stone for David Adams dated 1790, is a rare example of Elijah Sikes 

work on marble. It is the only Sikes stone in the yard.

Another common carver in the very early 1700s was John Hartshorne.  Hartshorne was born in 1650 and originally lived in Rowly Mass and served in the King Phillips War.  He was the regions first grave carver, starting in the 1680's. Around 1712 he moved to Franklin CT and continued carving tombstones until  when he died in 1737 aged 88.  19 of his stones can be found in the Olde Center Cemetery.

One example of his work on the stone of Capt. William Hall, dated

1727.  Notice the abstract borders, and rosettes.

Another example of his work, dated 1728.  The blank

staring face is certainly a focal point on his work.

The grave of Mary Wood dated 1727.  Notice the

different border pattern and rosettes compared to

the first one.  His designs often varied greatly.

A large tombstone carved by Gershom Bartlett.  Notice

the lobed wings compared to the usual elongated style.

Another stone by Bartlett, dated 1755.  Notice the clovers and borders,

an inspiration to the early work of Josiah Manning.  I always liked the

almost perfectly round face on this stone.

Another lobed winged Bartlett stone dated 1766.

A total of 7 stones by Bartlett are in the yard.

Another surprise was finding two dark slate stones in the yard.  These stones were carved by a Killingly carver named Stephen Spalding.  Unlike most regional carvers, Spaulding outsourced his material in favor of black/blue slate a more expensive and desirable stone then the common Schist.  His stones are somewhat common in the Killingy/Pomfret/Brooklyn region though as seen here are spread out in small numbers. Two are present in this graveyard.

One stone dated 1796 for Booz Stearns aged 96. This stone 

is in need of a deep clean, as it is in great shape and is a 

somewhat rare example of his work.

Another one of Spauldings headstones Dated 1789.

The only other traditional slate was this "Deaths Head" Winged Skull stone 

dated 1763, imported from the tombstone mecca of Boston.   Skull designs are very

 rare in Connecticut graveyards, with only a handful of regional carvers ever using them

on their stones notably Thomas Johnson.  Some cemeteries in Connecticut port towns 

have a high number of these Boston made stones due to the easier method of importation

 via ship, some examples include yards in New London, Old Saybrook, and Milford.

Another surprise was my first sighting of the "Hampton Indian Carver", an unknown carver out of Hampton who carved stones in some surrounding yards including one here.

This stone dated 1766 features an abstract effigy shows what looks like a large nosed figure with a headdress of feathers.   The carving designs seem to be influenced by Benjamin Collins, note the segmented lines and hexfoil rosettes.  Stone for Eunice Martha aged 73.

The Collins Family carvers are represented here, two stones from Benjamin and four from Zerubabel.

This Benjamin Collins tombstone dated 1743 is a very well 

preserved example of his work.

This stone for John Storrs is a fine example of 

Zerubabel Collins early work.

Another stone by Zerubabel, backdated at 1746, would actually have been carved in the mid 1750s to early 1760s based on design tropes.

The stone marking the grave of Esther Barrow, carved by Jonathan Loomis

of Coventry dated 1761.  Note the Gershom Bartlett influence on the wings.

Another stone by Loomis dated 1770. Loomis had many variations

of designs on his sones, notice the 3 lobed wings, vine borders and 

Wheeler style Hexigrams not to mention stone shape as compared

to the one above. 3 stones carved by Johnathan Loomis are in the

Olde Mansfield Center Cemetery.

A single stone carved by Lebanon carver John Huntington is 

present in this cemetery, dated 1765.

A beautiful winged soul marble stone for Rezolved Stevens dated

1792.  Carver unknown.  Possibly imported from Vermont where

marble was a common stone for grave making.

Crude fieldstone marked "E.H Dyed Febuary 19th 1721 aged 26.

This being the oldest surviving stone in the yard.

Now for some more awaited Obadiah Wheeler stones.

This stone dated 1722, is the oldest Wheeler stone

in this cemetery.  The material however is not schist

but appears to be some form of local soapstone.

This stone dated 1732 is another varient of Wheelers stylings. Notice the sphere designs on the borders, and comma shaped symbols mixed in.  Wheeler was very imaginative in his carving work.

The stone of Hannah Williams dated 1742, is another example of a 3d carved face by Wheeler, also notice the heart under the face, hexfoils, and abstract symbols underneath the epitaph.  This stone was featured in the book "The Colonial Burying Grounds of Eastern CT and the men who made them" by James A Slater.

Another Wheeler stone dated 1733. By the early 1730s he began using 

closed eyes on his stones, though still used open eyes on others. 

Another earlier Wheeler stone, dated 1727.  Borders resemble some used by John

Hartshorne.  Around 10 Wheeler stones are in this yard.  

Besides some great examples of Mannings early work, many higher quality expensive Manning stones are viewable here.

One of the premium Manning stones, about 6 feet tall dated 1784.  Manning 

would often use elaborate borders and shapes on his more expensive work.

Another example of Mannings early bat wing style on this stone dated 1770. 

Another elaborate Manning stone dated 1775.

Stone dated 1795 possibly carved by Josiahs son Rockwell due to the mouth and

 eyes alignment.  Josiah was working with with his sons Fredrick and Rockwell

in the grave carving trade by the mid 1780s , and usually their stones are 

impossible to tell apart.

An odd Manning sandstone dated 1762 though certainly backdated.  Manning seemed to have

found a source of very pure sandstone in the late 1770s and used it to make stones from the later 

1770's to the late 1780's, though still predominantly using schist.  Many of these stones are

viewable in the old Norwichtown Burying ground, though only one was here in Mansfield.

Elegant Manning stone dated 1786.

An example of a more standard Manning

stone, dated 1802.

Row of stones carved by Obadiah Wheeler.  The carving dates are chronological so one can view the progression in his designs and stylistic elements.  

Mix of the premium Manning manning stones.

 

View of the center of the Cemetery. Stones carved by Gershom Bartlett and Josiah Manning are visible, plus a Brownstone table style grave.

A few stones from Aaron Hasking and the Upswept Wing Carver were also present though I did not get a chance to get any photos of them at the time.  The latest Soul effigy stone here was carved in 1807.

Post Colonial style stones.

A single portland brownstone headstone

was in the yard, dated 1802. 

A Schist urn stone dated 1816.  Note the more

traditional shape of the stone.   Schist was still

a common grave making material in the region 

despite the increasing popularity of marble 

until the mid 1820s.

Interesting Schist stone dated 1810, the polished

appearance of these is abnormal for stones of

this era. 

Marble urn and willow stone dated 1804.

Schist stone dated 1810.

Schist Urn and Willow stone dated 1816.

A single urn and willow type slate dated 1824, likely imported from 

Rhode Island based on design.

Marble slab stone dated 1814 with Urn and 

Willow and pillar column designs.  Reminds

 me of some designs used on Boston 

slates of the same era.

Hope you all enjoyed!